chamomile is a widely recognized herb in western culture. its medicinal usage dates back to antiquity where such notables as hippocrates, galen, and asclepius made written reference to it. as part of any medication history, pediatricians always should ask a child’s caregiver about the child’s use of over-the-counter remedies and herbal products. chamomile is used widely to treat children who ha...

aim and background: in recent years, experts in the field of obsessive-compulsive disorder have been trying to measure the validity and efficiency of pharmaceutical interventions. the meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of medication on symptoms of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. methods and materials: this meta-analysis was conducted on studies during the past decade in iran...

computable general equilibrium models are known as a powerful instrument in economic analyses and widely have been used in order to evaluate trade liberalization effects. the purpose of this study was to provide the impacts of trade openness on pharmaceutical industry using cge model.using a computable general equilibrium model in this study, the effects of decrease in tariffs as a symbol of tr...

pharmaceutical industry is currently undergoing a transient phase with new orientation. loss of financial resources, presence of new therapeutic agents and increasing cost of research and development have called for a full.scale restructuring within the pharmaceutical industry to retain even the most basic competitiveness. the development of new technologies has been as one way out of the dilem...

Chamomile is a widely recognized herb in Western culture. Its medicinal usage dates back to antiquity where such notables as Hippocrates, Galen, and Asclepius made written reference to it. As part of any medication history, pediatricians always should ask a child’s caregiver about the child’s use of over-the-counter remedies and herbal products. Chamomile is used widely to treat children who ha...

This paper examines the link between price regulation and pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) investment. I identify two mechanisms through which price regulation may exert an influence on R&D: an expected-profit effect and a cash-flow effect. Using established models of the determinants of pharmaceutical R&D, I exploit a unique fact to quantify firm exposure to pharmaceutical price r...

withstand extreme conditions and to resist harmful drugs and other toxic agents compounds is fascinating. Use of antibacterial medicines over the last 60 years have triggered a combination of genetic and biochemical mechanisms within the bacteria to secure their survival in otherwise lethal environments. Bacterial clones with natural and acquired resistance have continuously been selected as an...

BACKGROUND Policy discussions concerning pharmaceutical promotion often assume that small promotional items are unlikely to influence prescribing behavior. Our experiment measures whether exposure to these items results in more favorable attitudes toward marketed products and whether policies that restrict pharmaceutical marketing mitigate this effect. METHODS This is a randomized controlled ...